📖 Overview
The US revenue standard converged with IFRS 15. Applies a five-step model for revenue recognition. Was adopted to replace previous revenue standards (ASC 605) and create a single, comprehensive standard for all contracts with customers.
🎯 Scope
This standard applies to all contracts with customers, except:
- Lease contracts (ASC 842).
- Financial instruments (ASC 320, ASC 321, ASC 815).
- Insurance contracts.
- Non-monetary exchanges between entities in the same line of business.
The standard covers sale of goods, rendering of services, construction contracts, and licenses.
**This standard was adopted to replace ASC 605** and create a unified revenue recognition standard.
⚙️ Key Principles
**Five-Step Model for Revenue Recognition:**
1. **Identify the contract with the customer**: An agreement that creates enforceable rights and obligations.
2. **Identify performance obligations**: Promises to transfer distinct goods or services to the customer.
3. **Determine transaction price**: The amount the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for transferring goods or services.
4. **Allocate transaction price**: Distribute the transaction price to each performance obligation based on standalone selling prices.
5. **Recognize revenue**: When (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied.
**Contract Asset and Contract Liability:**
- **Contract Asset**: The entity's right to consideration for services transferred (not yet invoiced).
- **Contract Liability**: The entity's obligation to transfer services (advance payment received).
📏 Measurement
**Transaction Price includes:**
- Fixed amount.
- Variable consideration: discounts, refunds, incentives, performance bonuses.
- **Constraint on variable consideration**: recognized only if it is highly probable that no significant revenue reversal will occur.
- Significant financing component: if the timing difference between payment and transfer is significant.
- Non-cash consideration: measured at fair value.
- Consideration payable to the customer.
**Standalone Selling Price:**
- The price at which the entity sells the good or service separately.
- If not available, estimated using: Adjusted Market Assessment, Expected Cost Plus Margin, or Residual Approach.
✅ Recognition
Revenue is recognized when (or as) the supplier satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of the good or service to the customer.
**Control transfer can be:**
- **At a point in time**: e.g., selling a product in a store.
- **Over time**: e.g., service or construction contracts.
**Criteria for over-time recognition**:
1. Customer receives and consumes benefits simultaneously.
2. Customer controls the asset as it is created.
3. Supplier has a right to payment for work completed (no alternative use).
**Contract Costs:**
- **Incremental Costs of Obtaining a Contract**: Capitalized and amortized over the contract (e.g., sales commissions).
- **Contract Fulfillment Costs**: Capitalized if directly related to the contract and enhance resources.
📊 Presentation
**On the Balance Sheet:**
- **Contract Asset**: Entity's right to consideration for services transferred (not yet invoiced).
- **Contract Liability**: Entity's obligation to transfer services (advance payment received).
- **Receivable**: Entity's unconditional right to consideration (invoice issued).
**On the Income Statement:**
- Revenue is presented as a separate line item.
- Related contract costs are disclosed.
**Note Disclosures:**
- Revenue recognized from customer contracts, classified by revenue type.
- Contract assets and liabilities (opening and closing balances).
- Remaining performance obligations (value of unfulfilled contracts).
- Key judgments and estimates used.
- Capitalized contract acquisition and fulfillment costs.
📝 Disclosure Requirements
Disclosures required:
- Revenue recognized from customer contracts, classified by:
- Revenue type (goods, services, contracts, licenses).
- Timing of recognition (point in time or over time).
- Contract assets and liabilities (opening and closing balances).
- Remaining performance obligations (value of unfulfilled contracts and expected timing).
- Key judgments and estimates used in applying the model.
- Capitalized contract acquisition and fulfillment costs (and how amortized).
- Any significant financing arrangements.
- Variable consideration and constraints applied.
- Standalone selling price and how determined.
🔗 Related Standards
ASC 340 (Other Contract Costs), ASC 605 (Revenue Recognition - superseded), ASC 842 (Leases)